Indexed passage in the Constitution of Israel

22. Law not to be affected by emergency regulations  Emergency provisions This Law cannot be varied, suspended, or made subject to conditions by emergency regulations. 23. Provisions to be prescribed by Law Provisions as to the following matters shall be prescribed by Law: 1. the manner of electing, and duration of the tenure of, the members of the Judges' Election Committee; 2. qualifications for the posts of judges of the various grades; 3. the manner of appointing the President of the Supreme Court, the Deputy President of the Supreme Court and the President and Vice-president of a District Court and a Magistrate's Court; constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 35 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) 4. the conditions and procedures for terminating the tenure of a judge; 5. the manner of appointing a judge to an acting assignment at another court and of transferring a judge, temporarily or permanently, from the locality where he is serving to a court in another locality; 6. proceedings for the suspension of a judge from office, and review of the suspension; 7. the matters which the courts of the different grades are to hear by a single judge or by three or more judges; 8. the manner of designating the judge or judges who is or are to hear a particular matter. 24. Provisions to be prescribed under Law Provisions as to the following matters shall be prescribed under Law: 1. rules as to the administration of the courts, the making thereof and responsibility for their implementing; 2. the rules of procedure of the Judges' Election Committee; 3. procedure for the resignation of a judge; 4. procedure for the appointment and the powers of the registrar of a court; 5. the number of judges who are to serve in the courts of the different grades and location. Basic Law: The State Comptroller (1988) 1. Essence The State Audit shall be implemented by the State Comptroller. 2. State Audit a. The Comptroller will audit the economy, the property, the finances, the obligations and the administration of the State, of Government Ministries, of all enterprises, institutions, or corporations of the State, of Local Authorities, and of bodies or other institutions which were defined by law as subject to audit by the State Comptroller. b. The State Comptroller shall inspect the legality, integrity, managerial norms, efficiency and economy of the audited bodies, as well as any other matter which he deems necessary. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 36 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) 3. Duty to provide information A body subject to State Audit will, upon request, immediately provide the State Comptroller with information, documents, explanations, or any other material which the Comptroller deems necessary for audit purposes. 4. Comptroller as Commissioner for Complaints  Ombudsman The State Comptroller will investigate complaints from the public about bodies and persons, as provided by law: in this capacity the State Comptroller shall bear the title 'Commissioner for Complaints from the Public'. 5. Additional tasks The State Comptroller shall undertake additional tasks as provided by law. 6. Accountability to the Knesset In carrying out his functions, the State Comptroller shall be accountable only to the Knesset and not to the Cabinet. 7. Election and Term of office (Amendment 1) a. The State Comptroller shall be chosen by the Knesset in a secret ballot; the exact arrangements shall be set by law. b. The term of office of the State Comptroller shall be seven years. c. The State Comptroller will serve for one term only. 8. Qualifications (Amendment 1) Any Israeli citizen, residing in Israel, shall be eligible to serve as State Comptroller; any additional qualifications may be determined by law. 9. Pledge of allegiance  Oaths to abide by constitution The State Comptroller elected shall make and sign before the Knesset the following declaration: 'I pledge allegiance to the State of Israel and to its laws, and will faithfully carry out my duties as State Comptroller'. 10. Budget  Legislative committees The budget of the State Comptroller's Office shall be determined by the Appropriations Committee of the Knesset, upon the recommendation of the State Comptroller, and will be published together with the State Budget. 11. Salary and emoluments The salary of the State Comptroller and other payments made to him during his term of office or subsequently, or to his survivors upon his demise, shall be determined by law or by a Knesset Resolution or by a duly authorized committee of the Knesset. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 37 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) 12. Contact with Knesset and issuance of reports a. The State Comptroller shall maintain contact with the Knesset, as determined by law. b. The State Comptroller shall issue reports and opinions within the scope of his duties and shall publish them, subject to any restrictions determined by law. 13. Removal from office (Amendment 2) The State Comptroller shall not be removed from office except by one of the following: 1. Due to reasons of health he is unable, permanently, to fulfill his functions – on the day the Knesset has resolved such by a resolution passed by a majority of the members of the Knesset, following procedure to be determined by law. 2. Due to conduct unbecoming his status as State Comptroller - on the day the Knesset has resolved such by a resolution passed by a three-quarters majority of the members of the Knesset, following procedure to be determined by law. 14. Acting State Comptroller If the State Comptroller is not able to fulfill his functions, an Acting Comptroller shall be appointed, in a manner and for a period as determined by law. Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty (1992) 1. Basic principles (Amendment 1) Fundamental human rights in Israel are founded upon recognition of the value of the human being, the sanctity of human life, and the principle that all persons are free; these rights shall be upheld in the spirit of the principles set forth in the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel. 1A. Purpose (Amendment 1)  Human dignity  Motives for writing constitution  Official religion  Type of government envisioned The purpose of this Basic Law is to protect human dignity and liberty, in order to establish in a Basic Law the values of the State of Israel as a Jewish and democratic state. 2. Preservation of life, body and dignity  Right to life There shall be no violation of the life, body or dignity of any person as such. 3. Protection of property  Right to own property There shall be no violation of the property of a person. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 38 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) 4. Protection of life, body and dignity  Right to life All persons are entitled to protection of their life, body and dignity. 5. Personal liberty There shall be no deprivation or restriction of the liberty of a person by imprisonment, arrest, extradition or otherwise. 6. Leaving and entering Israel  Freedom of movement a. All persons are free to leave Israel. b. Every Israel national has the right of entry into Israel from abroad. 7. Privacy  Right to privacy a. All persons have the right to privacy and to intimacy. b. There shall be no entry into the private premises of a person who has not consented thereto.  Regulation of evidence collection c. No search shall be conducted on the private premises of a person, nor in the body or personal effects.  Regulation of evidence collection d. There shall be no violation of the confidentiality of conversation, or of the writings or records of a person. 8. Violation of rights (Amendment 1) There shall be no violation of rights under this Basic Law except by a law befitting the values of the State of Israel, enacted for a proper purpose, and to an extent no greater than is required, or by regulation enacted by virtue of express authorization in such law. 9. Reservation regarding security forces There shall be no restriction of rights under this Basic Law held by persons serving in the Israel Defense Forces, the Israel Police, the Prisons Service and other security organizations of the State, nor shall such rights be subject to conditions, except by virtue of a law, or by regulation enacted by virtue of a law, and to an extent no greater than is required by the nature and character of the service. 10. Validity of laws This Basic Law shall not affect the validity of any law (din) in force prior to the commencement of the Basic Law. 11. Application All governmental authorities are bound to respect the rights under this Basic Law. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 39 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) 12. Stability  Emergency provisions This Basic Law cannot be varied, suspended or made subject to conditions by emergency regulations; notwithstanding, when a state of emergency exists, by virtue of a declaration under section 9 of the Law and Administration Ordinance, 5708-1948, emergency regulations may be enacted by virtue of said section to deny or restrict rights under this Basic Law, provided the denial or restriction shall be for a proper purpose and for a period and extent no greater than is required. Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation (1994) 1. Basic principles Fundamental human rights in Israel are founded upon recognition of the value of the human being, the sanctity of human life, and the principle that all persons are free; these rights shall be upheld in the spirit of the principles set forth in the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel. 2. Purpose  Motives for writing constitution  Official religion The purpose of this Basic Law is to protect freedom of occupation, in order to establish in a Basic Law the values of the State of Israel as a Jewish and democratic state. 3. Freedom of occupation  Right to choose occupation Every Israel national or resident has the right to engage in any occupation, profession or trade. 4. Violation of freedom of occupation There shall be no violation of freedom of occupation except by a law befitting the values of the State of Israel, enacted for a proper purpose, and to an extent no greater than is required, or by regulation enacted by virtue of express authorization in such law. 5. Application All governmental authorities are bound to respect the freedom of occupation of all Israel nationals and residents. 6. Stability  Emergency provisions This Basic Law shall not be varied, suspended or made subject to conditions by emergency regulations. 7. Entrenchment  Constitution amendment procedure This Basic Law shall not be varied except by a Basic Law passed by a majority of the members of the Knesset. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 40 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) 8. Effect of nonconforming law (Amendment 2) a. A provision of a law that violates freedom of occupation shall be of effect, even though not in accordance with section 4, if it has been included in a law passed by a majority of the members of the Knesset, which expressly states that it shall be of effect, notwithstanding the provisions of this Basic Law; such law shall expire four years from its commencement unless a shorter duration has been stated therein. b. The provision regarding the expiration of validity, mentioned in subsection (a) shall not apply to a law adopted within one year from the date in which this Basic Law entered into effect. 9. Repeal Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation is hereby repealed. 10. Provisional (Amendments 1 and 2) The provisions of any enactment which, immediately prior to this Basic Law would have been of effect but for this Basic Law or the Basic Law repealed in section 9, shall remain in effect until the day of 14 March 2002, unless repealed earlier; however, such provisions shall be construed in the spirit of the provisions of this Basic Law. 11. Amendment of Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty In Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty – 1. Section 1 shall be designated 1(a) and shall be preceded by the following section: “Basic principles "1. Fundamental human rights in Israel are founded upon recognition of the value of the human being, the sanctity of human life, and the principle that all persons are free; these rights shall be upheld in the spirit of the principles set forth in the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel.” 2. At the end of section 8, the following shall be added: "or by regulation enacted by virtue of express authorization in such law." Basic Law: The Government (2001) 1. What the Government is  Name/structure of executive(s) The Government is the executive authority of the State. 2. Seat of Government The seat of the Government is Jerusalem. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 41 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) 3. Confidence of the Knesset The Government holds office by virtue of the confidence of the Knesset. 4. Responsibility  Legislative oversight of the executive The Government is collectively responsible to the Knesset; each Minister is responsible to the Prime Minister for the field of responsibility with which the Minister has been charged. 5. Composition a. The Government is composed of a Prime Minister and other Ministers.  Establishment of cabinet/ministers  Name/structure of executive(s) b. The Prime Minister shall be a member of the Knesset. A Minister need not be a member of the Knesset.  Eligibility for head of government c. A Minister shall be in charge of a Ministry; there may be Ministers without Portfolio.  Establishment of cabinet/ministers d. One of the Ministers who is a member of Knesset may be designated as Acting Prime Minister. e. A Minister may be Deputy Prime Minister.  Deputy executive 6. Eligibility of Ministers  Eligibility for cabinet a. A Minister must be an Israeli citizen and a resident of Israel. b. A person shall not be appointed Minister if he is serving in a position or role as specified in section 7 of The Basic Law: The Knesset, unless he ceased functioning in the said position or role upon or prior to his appointment, as prescribed by law. c. 1. If a person was convicted of an offense and sentenced to prison and if seven years have not yet passed since the day he on which he finished serving his period of punishment, or since the handing down of his sentence - whichever was later - shall not be appointed Minister, unless the Chairman of the Central Election Committee states that the circumstances of the offense do not involve moral turpitude.  Electoral commission 2. The Chairman of the Central Election Committee shall not so rule if the court determined that the offense involved moral turpitude. d. If a person holds a citizenship other than Israeli, and if the law of the country of which he is a citizen allows him to be released from such citizenship, he shall be appointed Minister only after he has taken all measures necessary to be released from such citizenship. e. A Knesset Member seceding from his faction and failing to tender his resignation as a Knesset member may not be appointed as a Minister during the period of service of that Knesset. This does not apply to the splitting of a faction as defined by law. "Secession from a faction" is defined in section 6(a) of The Basic Law: The Knesset. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 42 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) 7. Assignment of task of forming Government a. When a new Government has to be constituted, the President of the State shall, after consultation with representatives of party groups in the Knesset, assign the task of forming a Government to a Knesset Member who has notified him that he is prepared to accept the task; the President shall do so within seven days of the publication of the election results, or should the need arise to form a new government; and in the case of the death of the Prime Minister, within 14 days of his death.  Cabinet selection b. Should this consultation take place before the new Knesset is convened, the President will consult the representatives of the lists of candidates to be represented in the new Knesset. c. This section shall not apply to the formation of a Government following a no confidence vote according to section 28 or in the event of an application to the President under section 29(b), and the provisions specified in those sections shall apply. 8. Periods for formation of Government  Cabinet selection The Knesset Member to whom the President has assigned the task of forming a Government under section 7 shall have a period of 28 days for the fulfillment of such task. The President of the State may extend the period by additional periods not exceeding in the aggregate 14 days. 9. Re-assignment of task a. Where the periods referred to in section 8 have passed and the Knesset Member has not notified the President of the State that he has formed a Government, or where he has notified him before then that he is unable to form a Government, or where he presented a Government and the Knesset rejected his request for confidence under section 13(d), the President may assign the task of forming a Government to another Knesset Member who has notified him that he is prepared to accept the task, or may inform the Chairman of the Knesset that he sees no possibility of forming a Government - all within three days from the end of the period, or from the day of the Knesset member's statement that he cannot form a government, or from the rejection of confidence in the Government, as applicable.  Cabinet selection b. Before assigning the task of forming a Government under this section, or before informing the Chairman of the Knesset that he sees no possibility of forming a Government, the President may again consult with representatives of factions in the Knesset. c. A Knesset Member to whom the task of forming a Government has been assigned under this section shall have 28 days in which to do so.  Cabinet selection constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 43 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) 10. Assignment of task at the request of party groups a. Where the President of the State has informed the Chairman of the Knesset, under section 9(a) that he sees no possibility of forming a Government, or where he has assigned the task of forming a Government to a Knesset Member under the same section and the Knesset Member has not notified him within 28 days that he has formed a Government, or has notified him before then that he is unable to form a Government, or presented a Government and the Knesset rejected his request for confidence under section 13(d), a majority of the members of the Knesset may request, in writing, that the President of the State assign the task to a particular member of the Knesset, who so agreed in writing, all within 21 days of the President's announcement, or from the end of the period designated in section 9(c), or from the statement by the Knesset Member that he cannot form a Government, or from the rejection of confidence in the Government, as relevant.  Cabinet selection b. Where a request as aforesaid has been submitted to the President, the President shall assign the task of forming a Government to that Knesset Member within two days.  Cabinet selection c. A Knesset Member to whom the task of forming a Government has been assigned under this section shall have a period of fourteen days for its fulfillment.  Cabinet selection 11. Early elections in the event of failure to form a government  Dismissal of the legislature a. Should no request be submitted under section 10(a), or should a Knesset Member fail to form a Government within the period defined in section 10(c), or if he should prior to that time inform the President that he cannot form a Government, the President shall so inform the Knesset Chairman. b. Should the President so inform the Knesset Chairman, or should a Knesset Member charged with forming a Government under section 10(a) present a Government and fail to win the confidence of the Knesset under section 13(d), then the Knesset shall be deemed to have decided to disperse prior to the completion of its period of service, and elections for the Knesset will be held on the last Tuesday before the end of 90 days of the President's announcement, or of the rejection of the request for confidence in the Government, as relevant. 12. Discontinuance of proceedings for formation of Government When a Law for the dissolution of the Knesset has been adopted, the proceedings for the formation of a Government shall cease. 13. Formation of Government  Cabinet selection a. Where the President of the State has assigned to a Knesset Member the task of forming a Government, he shall notify the Chairman of the Knesset to such effect, and the Chairman of the Knesset shall notify the Knesset. b. Where the Knesset Member has formed a Government, he shall notify the President of the State and the Chairman of the Knesset to such effect, and the Chairman of the Knesset shall notify the Knesset and set a date for the presentation of the Government to the Knesset within seven days of such notification. c. The Knesset Member who has formed a Government shall head it.  Head of government selection constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 44 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) d. When a Government has been formed, it shall present itself to the Knesset, shall announce the basic lines of its policy, its composition and the distribution of functions among the Ministers, and shall ask for an expression of confidence. The Government is constituted when the Knesset has expressed confidence in it, and the Ministers shall thereupon assume office. 14. Declaration of allegiance  Oaths to abide by constitution As soon as, or as soon as possible after, the Knesset has expressed confidence in the Government, the Prime Minister shall make before the Knesset the following declaration of allegiance: "I (name) as Prime Minister undertake to uphold the State of Israel and its laws, to faithfully fulfill my role as the Prime Minister and to comply with the decisions of the Knesset"; and each of the other Ministers shall make the following declaration of allegiance: "I (name) as a member of the Government, undertake to uphold the State of Israel and its laws, to faithfully fulfill my role as a member of the Government, and to comply with the decisions of the Knesset.". 15. Cooption of a Minister  Cabinet selection The Government may, upon the proposal of the Prime Minister, coopt an additional Minister to the Government. When the Government has decided to coopt a Minister, it shall notify such fact and the function of the additional Minister to the Knesset. Upon the approval of the notification by the Knesset, the additional Minister shall assume office, and as soon as possible after the approval he shall make his declaration of allegiance. 16. Acting Prime Minister a. Should the Prime Minister be absent from Israel, meetings of the Government will be convened and conducted by the designated Acting Prime Minister.  Deputy executive b. Should the Prime Minister be temporarily unable to discharge his duties, his place will be filled by the Acting Prime Minister. After the passage of 100 days upon which the Prime Minister does not resume his duties, the Prime Minister will be deemed permanently unable to exercise his office.  Deputy executive  Head of government removal c. Failing the appointment of a designated Acting Prime Minister, or should the Acting Prime Minister be prevented from fulfilling his duties under sections (a) and (b) above, the Government shall designate another Minister, who is a member of the Knesset, to exercise that office. 17. Interrogation and impeachment of the Prime Minister a. Criminal proceedings shall not be commenced against the Prime Minister save with the agreement of the Attorney General.  Head of government immunity b. Criminal proceedings shall not be commenced against someone who served as Prime Minister on suspicion of an offense committed while in office or within a year after serving in office, save with the consent of the Attorney General.  Head of government immunity c. An indictment against the Prime Minister will be filed and presided over in the Jerusalem District Court, in a presidium of three judges; proceedings regarding an indictment filed before the Prime Minister begins his term of office shall be prescribed by law. d. Should the Court convict the Prime Minister of an offense, it will state in its decision whether the offense involved moral turpitude. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 45 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) 18. Removal from office pursuant to an offense  Head of government removal a. Should the Prime Minister be convicted of an offense, which the court states involves moral turpitude, the Knesset may remove him from office, pursuant to a decision of a majority of the Knesset members. Should the Knesset so decide, the Government shall be deemed to have resigned.  Cabinet removal b. Within 30 days of the verdict becoming final, the House Committee of the Knesset will render its decision regarding its recommendation pertaining to the removal of the Prime Minister from office, and shall present its recommendation to the Knesset plenum; should the House Committee fail to bring its recommendation to the plenum during the prescribed period, the Chairman will raise the issue in the Knesset plenum.  Legislative committees c. No decision shall be made by either the Knesset or the House Committee of the Knesset regarding the removal of the Prime Minister from office, before the Prime Minister has been given an opportunity to state his case before them. d. Should the Knesset decide not to remove the Prime Minister from office, and should the verdict as per subsection (a) above become final, the Prime Minister will cease to serve in office and the Government shall be deemed to have resigned on the day the verdict becomes final.  Cabinet removal e. The provisions of sections 42(a) and 42(b) of the Basic Law: the Knesset, shall not apply to the Prime Minister. 19. Resignation of Prime Minister  Cabinet removal  Head of government removal The Prime Minister may, after notifying the Government of his intention to do so, resign by submitting a letter of resignation to the President of the State. The resignation of the Prime Minister shall be deemed to be the resignation of the Government. 20. Death or permanent incapacity of Prime Minister  Cabinet removal a. If the Prime Minister dies, the Government shall be deemed to have resigned on the day of his death. b. Should the Prime Minister be permanently incapacitated, the Government shall be deemed to have resigned on the 101st day during which the Acting Prime Minister served in his place. 21. Prime Minister or Acting Prime Minister ceasing to function as members of Knesset a. Should the Prime Minister cease to be a Member of the Knesset, he will be deemed to have resigned on the day his membership of the Knesset ceased. The resignation of the Prime Minister shall be deemed to be the resignation of the Government.  Cabinet removal  Head of government removal b. Should an Acting Prime Minister cease to be a Knesset Member, he shall cease to serve as Acting Prime Minister. 22. Termination of tenure of Minister  Cabinet removal a. A Minister, other than the Prime Minister, may, after informing the Government of his intention to do so, resign from the Government by submitting a letter of resignation to the Prime Minister. His service in the Government will be terminated upon the passage of 48 hours from the time the letter of resignation reached the Prime Minister, unless he retracts his resignation prior to such time. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 46 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) b. The Prime Minister may, after informing the Government of his intention to do so, remove a Minister from his post; the removal of Minister will take effect 48 hours after the letter notifying thereof was given to the Minister, unless the Prime Minister retracts prior to such time. c. The tenure of a Minister in the Government ceases upon his election or appointment to one of the function the holders of which are debarred from being candidates for the Knesset. 23. Termination of tenure of Minister pursuant to an offense a. An indictment against a Minister, except for offenses to be determined by law, will be presented and judged in a district court; procedures regarding indictments filed before a Minister assumed tenure will be determined by law. b. Should a Minister be convicted by the court, it shall state in its verdict whether the offense involves moral turpitude; should the court so state, the Minister's tenure shall cease on the day of such verdict.  Cabinet removal c. This section does not apply to the Prime Minister. 24. Acting Minister a. Should a Minister, except for the Prime Minister, be absent from the country, the Government can charge another Minister to take his place. The Acting Minister will discharge the Minister's duties, in all or in part, as determined by the Government. b. Should a Minister cease to hold office or be temporarily incapable of discharging his duties, the Prime Minister or another Minister appointed by the Government will discharge his duties. c. The period of tenure of an Acting Minister under subsection (b) will not exceed three months. 25. Deputy Ministers a. The Minister in charge of an office, may, with the consent of the Prime Minister and the approval of the Government, appoint one Deputy Minister for the office from among the Knesset members. A Deputy Minister shall assume his role after notice of his appointment has been given by the Government at the Knesset; a Deputy Minister appointed by the Prime Minister shall be entitled "a Deputy Minister in the Prime Minister's office". b. The Deputy Minister shall act both in the Knesset and in the ministry, on behalf of the Minister who appointed him and within the parameters allocated to him. c. A Knesset member seceding from his faction may not be appointed to the position of Deputy Minister during the period of service of the same Knesset. This provision does not apply to the splitting of a faction under the conditions prescribed by law; for the purposes of this subsection, "secession from a faction" as defined by section 6(a) of The Basic Law: The Knesset. 26. Termination of service of a Deputy Minister The service of a Deputy Minister will be terminated in any of the following cases: 1. The Deputy Minister resigned by submitting a letter of resignation to the Minister who appointed him; constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 47 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) 2. The Minister who appointed him ceased being a Minister or being in charge of the same office. 3. The Prime Minister, the Government or the appointing Minister decide to terminate the service of the Deputy Minister; however, the Prime Minister will not dismiss a Deputy Minister without first informing both the Government and the appointing Minister of his intention to do so. 4. A new Government was formed. 5. The Deputy Minister ceased being a Knesset Member. 27. Termination of tenure of Deputy Minister pursuant to an offense Should a Deputy Minister be convicted by the court, it shall state in its judgment whether the offense involves moral turpitude; should the court so state, the Deputy Minister's tenure shall cease on the day of the judgment. 28. Expression of no confidence in the Government a. The Knesset may adopt an expression of no confidence in the Government.  Cabinet removal  Head of government removal b. An expression of no confidence in the Government will be by a resolution adopted by the majority of the Members of the Knesset to request that the President of the State assign the task of forming a Government to a certain Knesset Member who gave his written consent thereto.  Cabinet removal  Head of government removal c. If the Knesset has expressed no confidence in the Government, the Government shall be deemed to have resigned on the day of the expression of no confidence. The President will, within two days, charge the Knesset Member so named with the task of forming a Government.  Cabinet removal  Head of government removal d. A Knesset Member to whom the task of forming a Government has been assigned by the President of the State under this section shall have a period of 28 days for its fulfillment. The President may extend the period by additional periods not in the aggregate exceeding 14 days.  Dismissal of the legislature e. Where the periods referred to in subsection (d) have passed and the Knesset Member has not notified the President of the State that he has formed a Government, or where he has notified him before then that he is unable to form a Government, the President will so notify the Chairman of the Knesset.  Dismissal of the legislature f. If the President of the State so informed the Chairman of the Knesset as per subsection (e), or where the Knesset Member to whom the task of forming a Government has been assigned under this section presented a Government and the Knesset rejected his request for confidence under section 13(d), it will be deemed to be a Knesset resolution to disperse prior to the completion of its period of service, and elections to the Knesset will be held on the last Tuesday before the end of 90 days of the President's announcement, or of the rejection of the request for confidence in the Government, as relevant.  Dismissal of the legislature constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 48 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) 29. Authority to disperse the Knesset  Dismissal of the legislature a. Should the Prime Minister ascertain that a majority of the Knesset opposes the Government, and that the effective functioning of the Government is prevented as a result, he may, with the approval of the President of the State, disperse the Knesset by way of an order to be published in Reshumot. The order will enter into effect 21 days after its publication, unless a request is submitted under subsection (c), and the Government will be deemed to have resigned on the day of the order's publication. b. Within 21 days of the publication of the order, a majority of the Knesset Members may request in writing from the President of the State to assign the task of forming a Government to a certain Knesset Member who gave his written consent thereto, and who is not the Prime Minister. c. Where a request as aforesaid in subsection (b) has been submitted to the President of the State, the President shall inform the Chairman of the Knesset. The President shall assign the task of forming a Government to the Knesset Member named in the request within two days. d. The Knesset Member to whom the task of forming a Government has been assigned under this section shall have a period of 28 days for its fulfillment. The President of the State may extend the period by additional periods not in the aggregate exceeding 14 days. e. Where no such request was submitted under subsection (b), or where the periods referred to in subsection (d) have passed and the Knesset Member has not notified the President of the State that he has formed a Government, or where he has notified him before then that he is unable to form a Government, the President will so notify the Chairman of the Knesset. f. If the President of the State gave notice under subsection (e) or if the Knesset member presented a Government and the Knesset rejected the request that it express confidence in it under section 13(d), then the Knesset is deemed to have decided to disperse before the end of its term of office, and elections to the Knesset will be held on the last Tuesday before the end of 90 days of the day of the order's entry into effect, or of the day the periods to form a Government has passed, or of the day of the announcement to the President, or of the day of the rejection of the request for confidence in the government, as relevant. g. The Prime Minister may not exercise his authority according to this section - 1. From the beginning of the period of service of the incoming Knesset and until the establishment of the new Government; 2. After the Knesset has expressed no confidence in the Government under section 28; 3. After the resignation of the Prime Minister, or from the day on which a verdict was given stating he has committed an offense carrying moral turpitude and until the Knesset plenum renders its decision in the matter in accordance with the provisions of section 18(a). h. An Acting Prime Minister shall not be entitled to exercise the authority of the Prime Minister under this section. 30. Continuity of Government a. When a new Knesset has been elected or the Government has resigned under sections 18, 19, 20, 21, 28 or 29, or if a request is submitted under section 29(b), the President of the State shall begin proceedings for the formation of a new constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 49 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) Government, as laid out in this Basic Law. b. When a new Knesset has been elected or the Government has resigned under sections 18, 19, 20, 21 28 or 29, the outgoing Government shall continue to carry out its functions until the new Government is constituted. c. A Prime Minister who has resigned shall continue to carry out his functions pending the constitution of the new Government. If the Prime Minister has died, or is permanently incapacitated from carrying out his duties, or if his tenure was ended because of an offense, the Government shall designate another of the Ministers who is a Member of the Knesset and of the Prime Minister's faction to be Interim Prime Minister pending the constitution of the new Government.  Head of government replacement d. A Government that serves under subsection (b) may appoint a Knesset Member as a Minister in place of a Minister who has ceased to serve; the appointment of a Minister under this subsection does not require the approval of the Knesset. 31. Functioning of the Government a. The Government may, with the approval of the Knesset, change the division of roles among the Ministers, with the exception of the role of the Prime Minister. b. The Government may, with the approval of the Knesset, transfer authorities and duties legally belonging to one Minister, in all or in part, to another Minister. c. The Government may, with the approval of the Knesset, unite or divide Government ministries, abolish or establish new ministries. d. The Government may transfer areas of actions from one ministry to another. e. The Government may establish permanent or temporary Ministerial committees, or for particular matters; after the appointment of a committee the Government may conduct its operations through it. f. The Government will set work, meetings and debate procedures, and decision-making processes in the Government, whether permanent or for a specific matter. 32. Residual powers of Government  Powers of cabinet The Government is authorized to perform in the name of the State, and subject to any law, all actions which are not legally incumbent on another authority. 33. Delegation of powers a. Powers granted by law (din) to the Government may be delegated to one of the Ministers; this does not apply to powers granted in accordance with this Basic Law, except for powers under section 32. b. Powers granted to a Minister by law, or transferred to him under the provisions of section 31(b), with the exclusion of the authority to make regulations, may be delegated by the Minister, either totally or partially or subject to conditions, to a civil servant. c. Powers delegated by the Government to a Minister, with the exception of the power to make regulations, may be delegated by the Minister, either totally or partially or subject to conditions, to a civil servant, provided that the Government empowered him to do so. d. For the purposes of this section, the power granted to the Government or a Minister also refers to duties incumbent upon them. e. The provisions of this section will apply provided no other intention is evidenced by the law conferring the power or imposing the obligation. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 50 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) 34. Assumption of powers A Minister charged with the implementation of a law, may assume any power, with the exception of powers of a judicial nature, granted by the same law to a civil servant, provided that no other intention is evidenced by the law; the Minister may do the above for a particular matter or for a specific period. 35. Secrecy a. The debates and decisions of the Government and those of the Ministerial committees regarding the following matters are secret and their disclosure and publication is prohibited: 1. State security; 2. Foreign relations of the State; 3. Matters regarding which the Government deems secrecy to be essential to the State, and a notification thereof having been declared in an order, for the purposes of this section; 4. A matter that the Government has decided to keep secret; the disclosure and publication of such matters is forbidden only to persons who were aware of the decision. b. The provisions of subsection (a) shall not apply to matters regarding which the Government or the Prime Minister, or such persons that the Government or the Prime Minister have so specifically authorized, have permitted their publication, or to matters the publication of which is legally mandatory. 36. Salaries and pensions The salaries of the Ministers and the Deputy Ministers and other payments paid to them during their period of service or thereafter, or to their next of kin after their deaths, will be specified by law, or by virtue of a decision of the Knesset or of a Knesset committee appointed by the Knesset for that purpose. 37. Regulations a. The Minister charged with the implementation of a law, is empowered to make regulations for its implementation. b. A law may empower the Prime Minister or a Minister to make regulations in a matter decided by the empowerment. 38. Declaration of a state of emergency  Emergency provisions a. Should the Knesset ascertain that the State is in a state of emergency, it may, of its own initiative or pursuant to a Government proposal, declare that a state of emergency exists. b. The declaration will remain in force for the period prescribed therein, but may not exceed one year; the Knesset may make a renewed declaration of a state of emergency as stated. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 51 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) c. Should the Government ascertain that a state of emergency exists in the State, and that its urgency necessitates the declaration of a state of emergency even before it becomes possible to convene the Knesset, it may declare a state of emergency. The declaration's validity shall expire upon 7 days from its proclamation, if not previously approved or revoked by the Knesset pursuant to a decision by a majority of its members; should the Knesset fail to convene, the Government may make a renewed declaration of a state of emergency as stated in this subsection. d. The Knesset and Governmental declarations of a state of emergency will be published in Reshumot; should publication in Reshumot not be possible, another appropriate manner of publication will be adopted, provided that notification thereof be published in Reshumot at the earliest possible date. e. The Knesset may at all times revoke the declaration of the state of emergency; notification of its revocation will be published in Reshumot. 39. State of emergency  Emergency provisions a. During a state of emergency the Government may make emergency regulations for the defense of the State, public security and the maintenance of essential services and supplies; emergency regulations will be submitted to the Foreign Affairs and Security Committee at the earliest possible date after their enactment. b. Should the Prime Minister deem it impossible to convene the Government, and that there exists an immediate and critical need to make emergency regulations, he may make such regulations or empower a Minister to make them. c. Emergency regulations may alter any law, temporarily suspend its effect or introduce conditions, and may also impose or increase taxes or other compulsory payments, unless there is another provision by law. d. Emergency regulations may not prevent recourse to legal action, or prescribe retroactive punishment, or allow infringement upon human dignity.  Human dignity e. Emergency regulations shall not be enacted, nor shall arrangements, measures and powers be implemented in their wake, except to the extent warranted by the state of emergency. f. The force of emergency regulations shall expire three months after the day of their enactment, unless their force is extended by law, or they are revoked by the Knesset by law or pursuant to a decision of a majority of the Members of Knesset. g. Emergency regulations shall come into force on the day of their publication in Reshumot; should publication in Reshumot not be possible another appropriate means of publication will be adopted provided that they be published in Reshumot at the earliest possible date. h. Should the state of emergency cease to exist, the regulations enacted will remain in force for the duration of the prescribed period, however not longer than for 60 days after the termination of the state of emergency; state of emergency regulations whose force was lengthened by law shall remain in force. 40. Declaration of war a. The state may only begin a war pursuant to a Government decision.  Power to declare/approve war b. Nothing in the provisions of this section will prevent the adoption of military actions necessary for the defense of the state and public security. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 52 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) c. Notification of a Government decision to begin a war under the provision of subsection (a) will be submitted to the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Security Committee as soon as possible; the Prime Minister also will give notice to the Knesset plenum as soon as possible; notification regarding military actions as stated in subsection (b) will be given to the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Security Committee as soon as possible. 41. Inapplicability of emergency laws  Emergency provisions Notwithstanding the provisions of any law, emergency regulations cannot change this Basic Law, temporarily suspend it, or make it subject to conditions. 42. The Government and Knesset committees  Legislative committees a. The Government will provide the Knesset and its committees with information upon request and will assist them in the discharging of their roles; special provisions will be prescribed by law for the classification of information when the same is required for the protection of state security and foreign relations or international trade connections or the protection of a legally mandated privilege.  Legislative oversight of the executive b. The Knesset may, at the request of at least forty of its members, conduct a session with the participation of the Prime Minister, pertaining to a topic decided upon; requests as stated may be submitted no more than once a month.  Legislative oversight of the executive c. The Knesset may obligate a Minister to appear before it, similar authority is granted to any of the Knesset committees within the framework of their tasks.  Legislative oversight of the executive d. Any of the Knesset committees may within the framework of the discharging of their tasks, and under the auspices of the relevant Minister or with his knowledge, require a civil servant or any other person prescribed in the law, to appear before them. e. Any Minister may speak before the Knesset and its committees. f. Details regarding the implementation of this section may be prescribed by law or in the Knesset Rules. 43. Change in election date  Scheduling of elections When a the date for elections to the Knesset has been set under sections 11, 28, and 29, the Knesset may - by a resolution passed by a majority of its members adopted within five days after grounds for holding the elections arose - decide that because of the proximity of the date of elections to a holiday, festival day or memorial day, the elections will be postponed to a date no later than 100 days after the day on which such grounds arose. 44. Permanence of the Law  Constitution amendment procedure a. This Basic Law can only be changed by a majority of the Knesset Members; the majority under this subsection will be required for decisions of the Knesset plenum in the first, second and third readings; for purposes of this subsection, "change" is either explicit or by implication. b. The provisions of this subsection will not apply to sections 45 and 46. 45. Amendment of Basic Law: The Knesset - No. 30 In the Basic Law: The Knesset - constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 53 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) 1. The following will be added after section 21: "21A. Knesset supervision of secondary legislation "(c) Regulations enacted by a Minister whose violation entails criminal punishment shall not enter into force, unless they have been approved prior to publication by a committees of the Knesset committees responsible for that matter; should the committee fail to approve or reject the regulations within 45 days of receiving the regulations, the regulations will be deemed approved. "(d) The provisions of this subsection do not prejudice the provisions of any Basic Law or other law regarding regulations." 2. Section 35 shall conclude "not later than five months from the adoption of the law." 3. The following will be added after section 36: “36A. Dispersion due to failure to adopt budget "(c) Non-adoption of the Budget Law within three months subsequent to the beginning of the fiscal year will be considered to be a Knesset decision on its dispersion, prior to the completion of its term of service, on the day following the end of this period (hereafter: the determining date), and early elections will be held on the last Tuesday before the end of 90 days of the determining date, unless the Knesset decides by a majority vote of its members, within five days of the determining date, that because of the proximity of the date of elections to a holiday, festival day or memorial day, to postpone the elections to a date no later than 100 days from the determining date. "(d) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a), should the President of the State begin procedures to form a new Government under section 30 of The Basic Law: The Government, or should a law be adopted to disperse the Knesset, or should elections to the Knesset be held, after the date for submission of the Draft Budget under section 3 of The Basic Law: The State Economy and before the passage of three months from the beginning of the fiscal year, the determining day under subsection (a), shall be "three months from the beginning of the fiscal year or 45 days from the constitution of the Government, whichever is later." 46. Repeal of The Basic Law: The Government The Basic Law: The Government (1992) is repealed. 47. Effect and applicability a. The provisions of this Basic Law shall apply to elections and to formation of the Government, beginning with elections to the 16th Knesset. b. Subject to the provisions of subsection (a), this Law shall go into effect on the day the Government is formed as said in subsection (a). constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 54 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) c. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (b), section 44 shall go into effect on the day on which this Law is published. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 55 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) Topic index A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 32 Attorney general B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 26, 27 Budget bills C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 46, 47 Cabinet removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 43, 44 Cabinet selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Claim of universal suffrage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Compensation of legislators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 27, 30, 39, 52 Constitution amendment procedure D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 44 Deputy executive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Designation of commander in chief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 17, 43, 47, 48 Dismissal of the legislature E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 11, 41 Electoral commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Eligibility for cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10, 11, 13 Eligibility for first chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Eligibility for head of government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 23 Eligibility for head of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 32 Eligibility for ordinary court judges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Eligibility for supreme court judges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 25, 34, 39, 50, 51, 52 Emergency provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 41 Establishment of cabinet/ministers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Establishment of judicial council . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Establishment of religious courts F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 First chamber selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Foreign affairs representative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Freedom of movement H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Head of government immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 45, 47 Head of government removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Head of government replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Head of government selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Head of state immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Head of state powers constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 56 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 24 Head of state removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Head of state replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21 Head of state selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Head of state term length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Head of state term limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 51 Human dignity I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Immunity of legislators J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Judicial independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Judicial precedence L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 14 Leader of first chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 15, 23, 24, 26, 27, 30, 36, 45, 52 Legislative committees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 41, 52 Legislative oversight of the executive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Length of legislative sessions M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Minimum age for first chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 39 Motives for writing constitution N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 40, 41 Name/structure of executive(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 National capital O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 31, 36, 44 Oaths to abide by constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 39 Official religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Ombudsman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Ordinary court selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Outside professions of legislators P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Power to declare/approve war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Power to pardon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Powers of cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Protection of judges' salaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Public or private sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Publication of deliberations Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Quorum for legislative sessions constituteproject.org PDF generated: 18 Apr 2016, 15:20 Page 57 Israel 1958 (rev. 2013) R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Regulation of evidence collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Removal of individual legislators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Replacement of legislators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Right to appeal judicial decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Right to choose occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 38 Right to life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Right to own property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Right to privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Right to public trial S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 20, 52 Scheduling of elections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Secret ballot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Size of first chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Standing committees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Structure of legislative chamber(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Structure of the courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 33 Supreme court powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Supreme court selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Supreme court term length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Supreme/ordinary court judge removal T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 17 Term length for first chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Type of government envisioned